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Leisure satisfaction
“Leisure refers to activities that a person voluntarily engages in when they are free from any work, social or familial responsibilities”〔Joudrey, A. D., & Wallace, J.E. (2009) Leisure as a Coping Resource: A Test of the Job Demand-Control-Support Model. Human Relations 62 (2), 195-218. doi:10.1177/0018726708100357〕〔Esteve, R., San Martin, J. & Lopez, A.E. Grasping the meaning of leisure: Developing a self-report measurement tool. Leisure Studies, 1999, 18, 79–91.〕Leisure satisfaction is the positive perceptions or feelings that an individual forms, elicits and gains as a result of engaging in leisure activities and choices. What can contribute to leisure satisfaction is to what degree an individual is currently satisfied with their leisure experiences and activities. An individual might attain positive feelings of contentment and happiness that result from the satisfaction of needs.〔(Beard & Ragheb, 1980)〕 Participation in leisure activities and leisure satisfaction are inextricably linked to an individual's health. Caldwell (2005) suspects that leisure activities may be associated with a number of defensive traits that enhance a person’s resiliency to negative life experiences.〔〔Caldwell, L.L. Leisure and health: Why is leisure therapeutic? British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2005, 33, 7–26.〕 Some aspects of leisure activities that can act as protective factors include: “(activity ) being personally meaningful, intrinsically interesting and/or challenging; offering social support and friendships; contributing to a sense of competence and/or self efficacy; offering a sense of personal control, choice and self-determination; and being relaxing and/or distracting the individual from negative life events.” 〔〔 Leisure activities, although ranging in types, have also proven to be beneficial to health cross-culturally.〔Spiers, A., & Walker, G.J. (2009). The Effects of Ethnicity and Leisure Satisfaction on Happiness, Peacefulness, and Quality of Life. Leisure Sciences, 31, 84-9. doi:10.1080/01490400802558277〕
==Leisure Satisfaction and Subjective Well-being==
In a study by Hribernik and Mussap (2010), leisure satisfaction was found to predict unique variance in life satisfaction, supporting its inclusion as a distinct life domain contributing to subjective well-being.〔Hribernik, J., & Mussap, A. J. (2010). Research note: Leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being. Annals of Leisure Research, 13(4), 701-708.〕 Additionally, relationship status interacted with age group and gender on differences in leisure satisfaction. The relationship between leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction, however, was reduced when considering the impact of core affect (underlying mood state). This suggests that leisure satisfaction may primarily be influenced by an individual's subjective well-being level as represented by core affect. This has implications for possible limitations in the extent to which leisure satisfaction may be improved beyond pre-existing levels of well-being and mood in individuals.
In another study conducted by Brajsa-Zagnec et al. (2010), subjective well being (SWB) was defined as a combination of an individual’s emotional reactions, satisfaction with specific aspects of one’s life, and satisfaction with one’s whole life. Many studies have been conducted to determine what specific leisure activities are linked to SWB. Research identifies other groups of leisure activities ranging from three to eleven to sixteen groups. There is no overall agreement regarding what specific groups of leisure activities predict SWB, but some researchers agree that leisure activities contribute to SWB and that the relationship between the two is complex.〔Brajsa-Zganec, A., Merkas, M., & Sverko, I. (2010). Quality of life and leisure activities: How do leisure activities contribute to subjective well being?. Soc Indic Res, 102, 81-91.〕
Data was collected from a group of Croatian citizens ranging across various age groups. The participants estimated their SWB and time spent participating in leisure activities. These leisure activities included active socializing and going out (sports, going to clubs, eating dinner out etc.), visiting cultural events (reading books, going to concerts, going to movies etc.), and family and home activities (going to church, visiting family, watching television etc.). The results of the study found specific leisure activities to be a predictor of SWB across age groups. For people ages 31–60 participation in visiting cultural events, family leisure activities, and active socializing and going out contributed to SWB. A significant positive correlation was found between family leisure activities and SWB of men and women across different age groups. This study concluded that participation in leisure activities lead to SWB, though the importance of such specific leisure activities vary across different age and genders. Essentially people may improve their SWB by participating in leisure activities, especially in family and home activities.〔
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